Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 21: Compound Sentences and Conjugations

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns

Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary

Lesson 11: Possessives

Lesson 12: Appositives

Lesson 13: Review

Lesson 14: Prepositions

Lesson 15: Indirect Objects

Lesson 16: Review

Lesson 17: The Second Declension

Lesson 18: Vocabulary

Lesson 19: Second Conjugation

Lesson 20: Pronunciation, New Use of Accusative and  Review Exercises

In Latin, as in English, compound sentences must contain either a semicolon or a conjunction to connect the two or more clauses.

Conjugations
Et.....and
Sed.....but
Quod.....because
Et.....both, and
Aut.....either, or
Neque.....neither, nor

Translate.
Cornelia et pecuniam et praedam portat, sed neque percuniam neque praedam piratis dat.

You have learned that Latin verbs must be placed at the end of simple sentences. In compound sentences, each verb must be placed at the end of its clause. Because of this, when you translate a compound sentences in Latin, translate each clause separately.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 20: Pronunciation, New Use of Accusative and Review Exercises

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns

Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary

Lesson 11: Possessives

Lesson 12: Appositives

Lesson 13: Review

Lesson 14: Prepositions

Lesson 15: Indirect Objects

Lesson 16: Review

Lesson 17: The Second Declension

Lesson 18: Vocabulary
Lesson 19: Second Conjugation

Latin Pronunciation.....as in
a....ah
e.....they
i.....ravine
o.....hope
u.....book
ae.....aisle
au.....ouch
c and g are hard as in cat and goat
i and j are interchangeable
v.....w as in wine
The rest if the letters are pronounced as in English.

The preposition in in Latin can also mean into. When it does, it introduces a propositional phrase, but is followed by the Accusative Case.

Ad, meaning to or toward also may introduce a prepositional phrase showing place to or toward which and calls for the Accusative Case. Ad insulam natamus. means We are swimming to the island. In provinciam ambulo. means I am walking into the province.

Exercises:
Pronounce out loud.
Gens
Vel
Hoc
Pax
Usus
Latititudo
Cogo
Publicus
Detrimentum
Victoria
Praemium

Translate from English into Latin.
The slave is carrying water into the town.
Cornelia is walking toward the queen.
Galba is in the town.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 19: Second Conjugation

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns

Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary

Lesson 11: Possessives

Lesson 12: Appositives

Lesson 13: Review

Lesson 14: Prepositions

Lesson 15: Indirect Objects

Lesson 16: Review

Lesson 17: The Second Declension

Lesson 18: Vocabulary

All the verbs we have studied so far belong to the First Conjugation. Verbs belonging to the Second Conjugation have the vowel stem -e in thr Infinitive. The Present Tense of verbs belonging to the Second Conjugation is formed in the same way as those of the First.
-eo
-ere
-ui
-itus

To form the Present Tense, remove re from the Infinitive and add personal endings.

Vocabulary:
    Verb.....English derivation.....meaning

1. Docere......doctor.....to teach
2. Habere.....habit......to have
3. Monere.....monitor.....to warn, to advise
4. Terrere.....terrify.....to frighten
5. Videre.....vision.....to see
6. Manere.....remain.....to stay, to remain

Exercises:

Translate.

Terretis

Manemus

Vident

Doceo

Mones

Habet

Translate from English to Latin.

We are staying in the town.

The man has a slave.

Wars frighten the boys.

The master is teaching the sons of the queen.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 17: The Second Declension

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns
Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary
Lesson 11: Possessives
Lesson 12: Appositives
Lesson 13: Review
Lesson 14: Prepositions
 Lesson 15: Indirect Objects
Lesson 16: Review

Not all nouns in Latin belong to the First Declension. Those that do, however, are all feminine in gender, except those which are masculine in meaning such as pirate, farmer and sailor. Every noun in Latin is either masculine, feminine or neuter.

Nouns of the Second Declension are either masculine or neuter, depending on their Nominative Singular endings.
Nouns of the Second Declension whose Nominative Singular ends on er, ir or us are masculine.
Nouns of the Second Declension whose Nominative Singular ends in um are neuter.
Nouns belonging to the Second Declension, like the First Declension, can be recognized by their Genative Singular. If a noun ends in i inthe Genative Singular, you know that the noun belongs to the Second Declension and will always take Second Declension endings. If a noun ends in ae in the Genative Singular, you know that the noun belongs to the First Declension and will always take First Declension endings.
Here are the other case endings of the Second Declension;
Singular
Nominative:(masculine) er, ir, us, (neuter) um
Genative: i
Dative: o
Accusative: um
Ablative: o

Plural
Nominative: (masculine) i, (neuter) a
Genitive: orum
Dative: is
Accusative: (masculine) os, (neuter) a
Ablative: is

Here are some important nouns of the Second Declension:
Noun                     Derivations     Meaning

1. Hortus, horti     horticulture      garden
2. Amicus             amicable          friend
3. Oppidum                                   town
4. Vir                    virile                man
5. Puer                  puerile             boy
6. Frumentum, frumenti               grain
7. Dominus           domineer         master
8. Equus               equestrian       horse
9. Servus               servile            slave, servant
10. Marcus              Mark              male name

Exercises:

Translate the following sentences.

• Vir est in horto.
• Vir est amicus Marci.
• Servi equos dominorum spectant.
• Frumentum portamus.
• Marcus viris fabulas narrat.
• Dominus hortum servo demonstrat.
• In oppido laboratis.
• Equus Marci dominum amat.
• Marcus amico pecuniam dat.
• Puerum, Marcum, in hortis specto.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson15: Indirect Objects

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns
Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary
Lesson 11: Possessives
Lesson 12: Appositives
Lesson 13: Review
Lesson 14: Prepositions

In Latin, indirect objevts usually follow verbs meaning give, offer, show, tell and their synonyms. As in English, they express the relation of "to" or "for" but always without a preposition.
All Latin nouns used as indirect objects must be in the Dative case, and so have Dative case endings. The Dative case endings for nouns in the First Declension are:
Dative Singular: -ae
Dative Plural: -is

Exercises:
Translate into English.

1. Piratae poetis insulam demonstrant.
2. Cornelia fugam nautaram demonstrat.
3. Fabulas Corneliae narramus.
4. Pecuniam Corneliae narramus.
5. Pecuniam Corneliae reginae, datis.

Translate into Latin.

1. The salior is giving the farmer money.
2. The sailor is giving money to the farmer.
3. You show the queen the island.
4. We are giving money to Cornelia, daughter of the queen.
5. The girls are telling stories to the poet.
6. I am showing the farmer the street.
7. The queen is giving the pirates booty.

Give the Nominative, Genative, Accusative, and Ablative case endings for the nouns of the First Declension, singular and plural.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 14: Prepositions

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns
Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary
Lesson 11: Possessives
Lesson 12: Appositives
Lesson 13: Review

In Latin, a proposition is also used before a noun to show its relation to another word in the sentence. Usually the relation shown is position, direction or time. The Latin preposition in, followed by a noun in the Ablative Case, expresses place where or location. The Ablative case endings for a noun in the First Declension are:

Singular: a and Plural: is.

Example: Nauta in insula est...The sailor is on the island.

Exercises:

Express in Latin:

1. in Greece
2. in the provinces
3. in the water
4. on the land

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 13: Review

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns
Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary
Lesson 11: Possessives
Lesson 12: Appositives

Translate into English:

1. Animam puellae laudant.
2. Vitam amo.
3. Regina filiam, Corneliam, vocat.
4. Piratae nautas superant.
5. Tuba piratarum puellas turbat.
6. Agricolae portam aedificant.

Translate into Latin:

1. I am the daughter of the queen, Cornelia.
2. We are farmers and sailors too.
3. The lady is freeing the inhabitants of Greece.
4. The friendship of the sailors pleases the queen.
5. The poet is often working.
6. The inhabitants of the island are worshiping Vesta, the goddess.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 12: Appositives

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns
Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary
Lesson 11: Possessives

Latin Appositives are like those in English. The thing to remember is that Lain Appositives must take the same case as the nouns they modify. Latin Appositives may be in any case, depending on the uses of the nouns to which they are in apposition. Appositives, and the words modifying them, are set off by comas.

For example, 

Cornelia, reginam, voco. means I am calling Cornelia, the queen. Cornelia, regina, nautas vocat. means Cornelia, the queen, calls the sailors. 

Nautae Corneliae, reginae, cantant. means The sailors of Cornelia, the queen, are singing.

Just remember that Latin Appositives must take the same case as the nouns they modify. 

Put into Latin:

1. She is Cornelia, queen of the island.
2. We are waiting for the goddess, Vesta.
3. Galba, the poet, is carrying the money.
4. The daughter of Cornelia, the mistress, is calling the pirates.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 11: Possessives

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If your students need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Previous Lessons in the series:

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns
Lesson 10: Review and Vocabulary

In Latin there is no apostrophe as a shortened form for showing possession.
Instead, a noun is given the Genitive case endings to denote possession.  For example, The pirate's booty becomes " praeda piratarum" or "the booty of the pirates."
The Genitive case endings for the First Declension are "-ae" for Genitive Singular and "-arum" for Genitive Plural. Like the Accusative case endings, thse endings are added after the Nominative Plural ending has been removed from thr noun.
Example:
(singular) agricola (nominative), agricolae (genitive), agricolam (Accusative); (plural) agricolae (nominative), agricolarum (genitive), agricolas (Accusative).

Translate into English:

1. Filia reginae est Cornelia.
2. Incolae insulae reginam laudant.
3. Praeda piratarum nautas delectat.
4. Filiae Corneliae sumus.
5. Agricolae silvas provinciae amant.

Translate into Latin:

1. You are an inhabitant of the island also.
2. They are not carrying the poet's money.
3. She is the goddess of Rome
4. You (plural) often tell stories of the fight.
5. I am waiting for the pirate's booty.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 9: Predicate Nouns

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If you need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

Lesson 7: Review

Lesson 8 Direct Object

A predicate noun is used after certain transitive verbs, nut especially after the verb "to be" to describe or define the subject. Predicate nouns, so called because they appear after the verb or in the predicate, are sometimes called predicate nominatives. This showd that, because they describe the subject, they too must take the Nominative vase endings in Latin. Example: Reginae suny dominae. Cornelia est puella.

Exercises:
Translate into English.
Regina est domina.
Poetam laudat.
Pecunis praeda est.
Agricola sum.

Translate into Latin.
We are sailors.
You ate calling Cornelia.
You (plural) are poets

I am praising the lady.
I am a lady.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 8 Direct Object

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If you need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

Lesson 6: The Infinitive

In Latin nouns used as direct objects have Accusative case endings. The Accusative case endings of the First Declension are:  -am in the singular and -as in the plural. With the Latin nouns which you have learned so far, you may form the Accusative Singular and Plural by adding the Accusative case endings to the noun after the Nominative Plural case ending (ae) has been removed. Example: agricol-ae becomes agricolam, poet-ae becomes poetas.

Exercises:
Translate into English;
Regina fabulam narrat.
Cornelia pecuniam exspectat.
Poetam laudamus.
Praedam probant.
Femina et filia natant.

Translate into Latin;
The lady is carrying the money.
We love the queen.
The water pleases Cornelia.
I do praise the sailors.
The stories delight the goddess.
He is calling the girls.

Beginning Latn Grammar, Lesson 6: The Infinitive

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If you need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

Lesson 5: Present Tense

In English and in Latin the infinitive is a very important verb form. In English the infinitive may be recognized by the word "to" before the main verb, such as "to go" or "to live." In Latin the infinitive is the most important part of the verb because it shows to what part of the conjugation the verb belongs. It may be recognized in most verbs  by the ending "re", which is translated as "to" in English, for example "ambulare" means "to walk" and "cantare" means "to sing", and so forth.
In Latin lessons the verbs in vocabulary lists are usually given as infinitives. To form the Present Tense of a verb in the First Conjugation, remove the  "re" from the Infinitive and add the personal endings.

Exercises:
Form the entire Present Tense of the following and translate.

• Amare
• Laborare
• Exspectare

Translate:

Ambulamue

Poetae laborant.

Porto

Amatis

Translate into Latin:

• We are.

We are singing.

The girl and the queen are walking.
The woman is waiting.

Beginning Latin Lessons

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation
Lesson 5: Present Tense

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 5: Present Tense

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

If you need to review English grammar before introducing Latin Grammar, go to Simple Grammar.

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

The Present Tense may be expressed in three ways in English (simple present, progressive present and emphatic present). In Latin there is just one form of these three English expressions. For example, the Latin verb, ambulat means (he, she, it) walks, is walking and does walk.

The verb to be is irregular in English and in Latin.

English......................................Latin

I am..........................sum

you (singular) are.....es

he, she, it is..............est

we are......................sumus

you (plural) are......estis

they are .................sunt

Never confuse the verb to be with the Progressive Present. The Latin verb to be is used only when there is no verb directly following it. For example, The girl is calling in Latin is Puella vocat but The girl is Cornelia becomes Puella est Cornelia in Latin.

Practice Exercises

Change the following verb forms to Latin.

1. She does love.
2. He is working.
3. It does please.
4. They are.
5. She loves.
6. She is.
7. She is calling.
8. He does swim.
9. He is swimming.

What Latin personal endings on verbs correspond to the following English words?

1. we
2. you (singular)
3. they
4. I
5. he, she, or it
6. you (plural)

Translate the following into Latin.

1. The queen is calling.
2. She is there.
3. The sailor does swim.
4. I am.
5. The poet walks.

Beginning Latin Grammar, Lesson 4: The First Conjugation

"I would make them all learn English;

and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." --Sir Winston Churchill

(If your student needs work on English verbs first, go to Simple Grammar lessons 3 and 4.)

Lesson 1: Latin Nouns

Lesson 2: The First Declension

Lesson 3: Latin Verbs

The vowel sign of Latin verbs of the first conjugation is long a, pronounced ah.

The Personal endings of Latin verbs are:

o......I

s.......you (singular)

t.......he, she or it

mus......we

tis......you (plural)

nt......they

Here are some important verbs in the first conjugation. They are given in the third person singular.

          Latin Verb...pronunciation.....English Derivation. ......Meaning he, she it...

1. portat (pore-taht).....porter.....carries
2. vocat (woe-kaht).....vocal.....calls
3. cantat (kahn-taht).....cantata....sings
4. laborat (lah-bore-aht).....laboratory.....works
5. natat (nah-taht).....natatorium (swimming pool).....swims
6. ambulat (ahm-bue-laht).....amble.....walks
7. amat (ah-maht).....amorous.....loves
8. laudat (lou-daht).....laud (praise).....praises
9. exspectat (ex-spec-taht).....expect.....waits for
10. delectat (day-leck-taht).....delectable.....it delights, pleases

Practice Exercises

Translate and explain the endings on each word. You will need to add in articles the, a and an to make more sense in the English translation as they are never expressed in Latin.

(example) Puella ambulat. The girl walks. Puella...subject (noun, first declension, nominative singular),.....predicate (verb, first conjugation, third person singular)

1. Agricola laborat.
2. Femina cantat.
3. Nautae natant. (Remember, a plural noun must have a plural verb)
4. Regina laudat.

Give the nominative (singular and plural) forms of these words in Latin.

1. girl
2. poet
3. woman
4. sailor

Give the following verb forms in Latin:

1. she calls
2. he swims
3. it pleases
4. he praises

Translate the following subjects and predicates into English.

1. Nauta vocat.
2. Agricola ambulat.
3. Exspectat.
4. Regina cantat.