Home School Life Journal From Preschool to High School

Home School Life Journal ........... Ceramics by Katie Bergenholtz
"Let us strive to make each moment beautiful."
Saint Francis DeSales

Showing posts with label Famous People. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Famous People. Show all posts

President's Day

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How do you celebrate President's Day?
There are a mass of crafts for this day, and I did them with my older children when they were young because that is what is done in public schools. This year I thought about what I wanted my young boys to understand about this day. Why are Washington and Lincoln the presidents honored in particular this day?
It is true that they were presidents of note partly because of the times in which they were president -the forming of a new nation and the keeping of that nation as a whole -but mostly because they weathered those times well because of their character. Learning about these presidents can be good lessons in how to be good moral persons in general. We can read to our children stories of why these men were great men. We can read to them stories that speak of Washington's humility, faith in God, perseverance and compassion. Such stories, too, can be told of Lincoln.

"No story in American history has captured the popular imagination better than that of Abraham Lincoln’s youth. A poor boy growing up in what was then a remote area, enduring the tragic death of his mother at an early age, confronting the realization that he had no inclination to become a farmer like his father. Abe was a thoughtful boy, independent but not rebellious, tall and strong but not a bully, sensitive but not a sissy. We like the story of a poor boy who made good. But I wonder how much longer his story will seem comprehensible to young Americans. The means by which he achieved his goals may seem foreign to twenty-first century Americans. Lincoln did not get ahead by going to the right schools, or by cultivating the right patrons, by achieving high standardized test scores, or by seizing upon a popular fad. He did not seek celebrity. What is more, not only the means but even the end itself of Lincoln’s quest for self-realization may not be readily comprehensible to us anymore."

And this is why it is important to take time out of our regular studies to turn to these men. I want these concepts to be comprehensible to my young men. The most well-known story about Washington, however, is one that probably didn't  happen at all -the legend of his ax and the cherry tree.


Even in this, though, we can tell our young ones that this story, although probably not true, speaks of what we know of his character in general to be true.

And, so today, like many others are doing as well, we made cherry tarts but as well as making them, we are also made sure we don't stop there for that is just the cherry on top the story of his life.
This is a re-posting from 2011.

Triangular Numbers, More on Pascal's Triangle and Odd/Even Numbers

Remember when we played with squares and square numbers?
I thought maybe it was time to look at triangular numbers.
We took out circles because triangular number is the number of dots in an equilateral triangle uniformly filled with dots. 
Okay, one is the smallest way to make a triangle. How many circles does it take to make the next size larger triangle? We played and built.
Three.
Next size up?
Six.
Can you predict the next size up triangle?
Nine? Is it multiples of three?
Let's see.
No, ten.
Let's build one more.
Fifteen.
Now let's take them and make squares out of them. How many more do you need?
One more to the three.
Three more to the six.
Can you predict the next amount it will take to make the triangles a square?
Six?
Let's try and see.
Why did you say six?
Because it was the same sequence of numbers...1...3...and 6.
The sum of two consecutive triangular numbers is a square number.
Then I told them a bit about Karl Gauss. He lived in the 1800's and he proved that you can make any whole number by adding no more than three triangular numbers and that triangular numbers never end in 2, 4, 7 or 9.
What triangular numbers add up to your age.
Ten is already a triangular number but it can also be made by1 +3+6!
Seven is 6+1!
Thirteen can be made by adding 10 + 3.
What about you? Hmmmm...49 can be made by adding 28+28+3.
Lastly, remember Pascal's Triangle?
Can you find triangular numbers in it?
Then I found this investigation of number patterns and Pascal's Triangle and I had to try it out too.
So, I printed out a copy of Pascal's Triangle and we went to work coloring multiples of two and three.
We tag teamed this activity by starting with Quentin until he wanted to pass the marker to James and then James to Sam.
You may find it helpful to know that the sum of the digits of any multiple of 3 is itself divisible by 3. For example, 252 = 2+5+2 = 9, and 9 is divisible by 3; 924 = 9+2+4 = 15, and 15 is divisible by 3—so both 252 and 924 are colored, but 560 = 5+6 = 11, is not.
You could also look at it in terms of odd and even numbers and if two cells above are of the same type (both odd, both even), you color the cell below even. If the cells above are different (odd + even, or even + odd) you color it odd. Why does this work?
Because of the principle that an odd + an odd always equals an even. Same is true with the sum of two even numbers is itself even. If your student doesn't know this, he will need to play with numbers to prove it to himself. With every step of the way, he needs to see for himself what the rules of math are, and not just take it from you. 

1970's and Beyond, Modern History and Current Events, and Presidents Nixon- Obama

Begin, Reagan, Palestine, terror on the airline 
Ayatollah's in Iran, Russians in Afghanistan 
"Wheel of Fortune", Sally Ride, heavy metal, suicide 
Foreign debts, homeless vets, AIDS, crack, Bernie Goetz 

Hypodermics on the shores, China's under martial law 

Rock and roller cola wars, I can't take it anymore 

We didn't start the fire 
But when we are gone 
Will it still burn on, and on, and on, and on... 

-We Didn't Start The Fire, Billy Joel



I have been discussing with some of my online friends about how difficult it is to see events that have happened in our lifetime with clarity. Humans seem to need to space of time passing to be able to decide how it has affected us. For this reason, it is hard to teach this as part of their history curriculum. It is also hard not to mix in our own political judgments. I am not saying that it is bad to teach our children our own political judgments, but I think it is important not to teach it as factual history.
On the other hand, sometimes they need to understand a little of how we got to where we are now to understand what is happening currently. For that end, I tried to cover the basic happenings from the 1970's and beyond.
Map Quest (a tip from Ticia) has some good maps with suggestions on how to use them for these topics:

  • The Gulf War
  • The Attack on the United States (9/11)
  • The Conflict in Iraq
Another way of approaching it is to review your own family history, talking about what events you and your children's grandparents and great grandparents lived through and how these events affected these family members. How far back can you go in your family's history? Connecting this to timeline events can be a powerful way to give perspective to historical events.

Presidents

We completed notebook pages for the presidents during this time

Richard M. Nixon
37th President
Served: 1969-1974
Party: Republican
Served as Vice President under Johnson
Ended Vietnam War
Watergate Scandal – bugging devices were planted on the Democratic Party in Washington D.C. Nixon denied involvement, but in order to avoid impeachment proceedings, Nixon was forced to resign
Well-known for his “thumbs up” hand signal and saying “I am not a crook”


Gerald Ford
38th President
Served: 1974-1977
Party: Republican
Appointed Vice President under Nixon, after Spiro Agnew resigned during Watergate.
Became President after Nixon resigned 
(First President to hold office without being elected to the
Vice Presidency or Presidency)
Pardoned Nixon for any crimes he committed
“WIN” campaign – Whip Inflation Now – due to rising Inflation
2 assassination attempts, both by women, within 3 weeks of each other in California
Betty Ford Center founded in CA after her struggle with alcohol and prescription drug addiction

“Jimmy” Carter
39th President
Served: 1977-1981
Party: Democrat
Professed Christian
Events in Presidency: Energy crisis of 1979, had solar panels installed in the
White House, and a wood stove
Inflation continued
SALT Treaty – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – between USSR and the US
Iran hostage crisis – Iran takes 52 US hostages
Post-presidency: Lost re-election because of the hostage crisis
Retired to Georgia to his peanut farm
Wrote books
Key leader in Habitat for Humanity
Awarded Nobel Peace Prize
Trivia: The first president born in a hospital


Ronald Reagan
40th President
Served: 1981-1989
Party: Republican
Pre-presidency: Worked as radio announcer for Chicago Cubs baseball games
Actor for Warner Brothers studios
Served as governor of California
Events in Presidency: Iran hostages released shortly after inauguration
1981 assassination attempt, bullet nearly missed his heart, hitting his lung
Air traffic controllers strike – Reagan announced that those who have not returned to work within 48 hours would be fired – over 11,00 fired
“Reaganomics” – decreased income taxes, produced many jobs, decreased inflation
Savings and Loan crisis – Stock market crash of 1987
Appointed first female Supreme Court Justice – Sandra Day O’Conner
Iran-Contra Affair – US sold weapons to Iran to release American hostages, then used the money to aid contras in Nicaragua
Cold War continued to grow – 1987 signed treaty to eliminate a class of nuclear weapons
1987 Berlin Wall torn down and Soviet Union collapsed
Post-presidency: Retired to California
Head injury from a horse accident in Mexico
Diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in 1994
Trivia: Only US President to be divorced
Oldest elected President at 69 years old


After WWI: The Twenties and Presidents Harding and Coolidge

maps from Knowledge Quest
We compared the maps of World War I and Europe Post World War I, especially looking at the countries that did not previously exist and what countries changed in size and which ones disappeared altogether.

After the First World War, many countries in Europe faced huge problems because they had spent so much money on the war. Lots of people were out of work and there were food shortages. People began to think that these problems needed drastic new solutions. Thanks to Ticia from Adventures in Mommydom, we used several maps from Knowledge Quest this week.
map from Knowledge Quest

In Russia
After Lenin's death, in 1924, Josef Stalin took control of Russia. He made farmers give up their land and form together collective farms. 

In China
In 1911, a revolution broke out and a group called the Kuomintang seized power from the Manchus. By 1928 they governed  most of China. One group of Communists, led by Mao Zedong, set up their own government in the southern part of China.
 Usborne Encyclopedia of World History

In Italy
Benito Mussolini took over ruling Italy and banned all other political parties. This is known as fascism.

map from Knowledge Quest

In Ireland
Home Rule, the process of allowing Ireland more say in how it was governed, was an issue that was put on hold until World War One had ended. I did not go into the Easter Uprising with the younger boys, although Sam read about it. The government devised a new Home Rule bill for 1919. This stated that Ireland would govern itself within the Empire but in two separate parts - the south, and the six counties of the north (mainly Ulster).The north accepted the act and in 1921, however, the south did not accept one part of the act. All of this led to the Irish Civil War, a conflict which continues to influence Irish politics to this day.


From Homeschool in the Woods Time Travelers
Industrial Revolution through the Great Depression
.
We compared the clothing of 1907, 1920 and 1938.

The Roaring Twenties of the US
In 1920–1921 there was an acute recession, followed by the sustained recovery throughout the 1920's. The Federal Reserve expanded credit, by setting below market interest rates. This led to a period in which people spent and enjoyed more.

Model Railroad scene of prohibition,
Model Railroad Museurm, Johnson City, TN

lapbook piece from
Homeschool in the Woods Time Travelers
Industrial Revolution through the Great Depression
  • Prohibition
  • The Jazz Age
  • George Gershwin (Homegrown Learners has a great unit on Gershwin)
  • Flapper Dresses
  • Art Deco
  • The Serum Run to Nome (Iditarod)
  • The Scopes Trial
  • Chrysler Corporation, founded in 1925
Mount Rushmore Activity from The Crafty Classroom


  • Mount Rushmore
  • Robert Goddard tests the first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926
  • Babe Ruth
  • Charles Lindbergh
  • Tony Sarg, the puppeteer that began the floating balloons for the Macy's Thanksgiving Parade
  • Richard Byrd, the first to fly across the South Pole in 1929
  • The 18th Amendment and the Prohibition Era
  • The 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote
  • Hollywood, the motion picture capital of the world

  • The Gangsters
1928

  • At the end of the 20's Walt Disney began making Mickey Mouse cartoons.

Presidents

Warren Harding

29th President
Served: 1921-1923
Party: Republican
Established the Bureau of Veteran Affairs, meeting the needs of those who served in the armed forces
Peace treaties signed officially ending World War 1
Planned a “Voyage of Understanding”, making his way across the country to talk with ordinary people.
On his way back from Alaska, became sick. Died in California

Calvin Coolidge, Jr.

30th President
Served: 1923-1929
Party: Republican

Became President after the death of Harding

Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Make Your Own Light Bulb!

Thomas Edison's first successful light bulb model, used in public demonstration at Menlo Park, December 1879
source: Wikipedia
Cut two pieces of wire about 1-foot in length and attach an alligator clip to one end.
Strip off a little less than an inch of the insulation from the other end and bend the wire into a hook.
Drill two holes in the top of a jar's lid. Push the wires through the holes. hooked ends first and glue them into place with a glue gun.
Straighten out a paper clip and then curl it around a nail to make a coil. Rest the coiled clip in the hooks of wire to form a filament.
Light a tea-light candle and drop it into the jar and put the top on tightly. After a few seconds the candle will run out of oxygen and go out, leaving a vacuum of sorts.
In a dark room, attach the metal clips to the terminal of a 6-volt lantern battery. Wait a few seconds, and your bulb should glow.

The Science Behind It?
The paper clip is made out of steel, which conducts electricity much more poorly than the metal in the electric wire. The resistance is so high and produces so much heat that the paperclip begins to glow. The candle consumed the oxygen inside the jar that would otherwise react with the hot filament and make it burn out more quickly.

source:
books:
  • The Story Of Thomas Alva Edison, Margaret Davidson,  On October 19, 1879 Thomas Edison turned electricity into light with the invention of the electric light bulb. Thomas Edison also invented the phonograph and an early form of motion pictures. This is the amazing story of his life---and of his inventions that changed the world.
  • Science Rocks!

Advanced Multiplication (3-6)

Multiplication with Beans and Cups

For cups and beans, I begin with two cups and a stockpile of beans. I first tell them to start with putting 1 bean in each cup, and I begin recording while they count the beans. 2 (cups) x 1 (bean in each cup) = 2
Then I ask them to put 1 more bean in each cup and I record while they count.
2 x 2 = 4
We continue on like this for a few minutes.
Somewhere along the way, I just give them 1 instead of a set of two beans and ask them what do we do about this?At this point we talk about some numbers not coming out evenly, and then we add 1 more to make a set he can add to the cups, and continue on from there. We can add more beans or more cups as long as there is interest in this activity. In this way, young children can bridge the gap between addition and multiplication seamlessly.

Lattice Multiplication and Napier's Bones
As problems increase in size, the use of these materials becomes impractical. Traditionally an abstract system of long multiplication the distributive process has been taught.
"Research has shown, however, that the lattice system of multiplication allows students to compute multi-digit multiplication problems in significantly less time and with greater accuracy than is possible using the distributive method. "- A Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Multidigit Multiplication [University of Tennessee, Frank George Hughes]

The lattice method came out of a calculating aid made by John Napier called "Napier's Rods."
"John Napier was a Scottish nobleman who loved mathematics. He invented logarithms, worked in spherical trigonometry and designed "Napier's rods," a mechanical calculating aid...These were an assortment of rods marked off with numbers. When these rods were arranged correctly, they could be used for multiplication and division...They were a sort of movable multiplication table -an early type of slide rule, which is what people used before pocket calculators. Because they were made of bone or ivory strips they were sometimes called "Napier's Bones."
-Mathematicians Are People, Too, Reimer and Reimer

To use them, you take out the rods that have at the top the first number you are working with.
For example if your problem is 298 x 7, you take out the 2 rod, the 9 rod and the 8 rod and lay them down on the table. You can see, if you go down to the 7th row of this set (because 7 is the second number you are working with), on the top of the slashes is 165. Write that down. These are your tens. Below the slashes are the numbers 436. Since these are your ones, you will write them under the 165, but you will indent out one column, to make the number above start in the tens column. Add these two numbers together, and you will get 2086, which is the answer to 298 x 7.


Let's try another problem; 31 x 24. This system is sometimes called the "Lattice System" because when you get to working with larger numbers, it becomes easier to make a grouping of boxes. You make a graph with the number of boxes across as there is in your first numeral; in this case two. You make the number of boxes down as you have numerals in your second numeral; in this case also two. So you have a graph with two boxes going across and two boxes going down for this problem.
Now put diagonal lines going from one corner of each box diagonally to the other corner. I extend my diagonal to make it clear where the answers go. The drawing of the boxes may seem complicated, but it is easy once you have done it a few times and kids find it easy to do on any blank piece of paper. Next, write the digits of your problem along the sides of your boxes. Now, get out your rods for the first two digits of your problem; in this case the 3 rod and the 1 rod. Go down the number of boxes according to the numerals along the side of your graph; in this case, 2 first. Copy down the boxes just as they are on the rods, the numerals above and below the slashes will correspond to the boxes and slashes you have in your graph; in this case 0/6 and 0/2. Continue this way with the next digit; in this case, 4. Now you have numerals all around your boxes. Ignore the numerals along the top and right sides now, and add only the numbers within the boxes on the diagonal. Starting at the bottom corner the one diagonal triangle box has the numeral 4, so I write 4 down below it. The next row of diagonal triangle boxes contain the numerals 2,0 and 2, which if you add them together equal 4, so I write 4 below them. The next diagonal row of numerals are 1,6 and 0, which equals 7, so I write 7 below it. The corner diagonal box contains 0, which I chose to just leave out since it won't affect the answer, but you could have your students write a 0 there just to be consistent and get in the habit of always writing down the numerals so as not to forget any by accident. It depends on how old they are and their understanding of the concepts.
The answer to this problem, reading the numerals from right to left is 744.



This method can be used for as large a problem as you want. Just make sure you draw the correct number of boxes according to the numerals that are in your problem. Here is the problem 123 x 12. We got out our 1, 2 and 3 rods and made our graph 3 boxes by 2 boxes and wrote the numerals around the top and right hand edges. We then copied what the first (1) and second (2) boxes of the bones had in them. We then added the numerals on a diagonal, getting the correct answer; 1,476.
You have to use a slightly different method of adding up the numbers if you get numbers that have carrying in them. For this problem, for example, 123 x 67, you will get the numerals from left to right, 7 1,14,11 and 7. If you get numerals over 9, you must carry them over into column addition. You write down the numeral(s) and then add the number of 0's after it that corresponds to the number of columns after it. Since 1 is in the first row, it gets no 0's after it. 14 is in the next row, and it has only 1 row after it, so you write down 14 with 1 0 behind it, or 140. The next row has 11 in it (pardon the odd looking numerals; my son made a mistake in his addition the first time and got 10, but then changed it to an 11) so you write 11 with two 0's behind it for the two columns, or 1100. The last row has a 7 in it and it has three 0's behind it for the three rows, or 7000. Add these numbers together and you will get 8,241; the correct answer. This is something that is complicated to explain but easy to use once you understand how it goes. All a child needs to be able to do is add two digit numbers.



 More about how it works here at Math is Good For You!

"The lattice method produces the same kind of understanding as the distributive method but is easier to teach, faster to use, and less prone to error. " -Mathematics...A Way of Thinking, Robert Baratta-Lorton

How to Make Napier's Bones
If you would like to make some Napier Rods, just get 9 wide craft sticks (like tongue depressors) and divide them into 9 fairly even sections. I just eyed mine; I did not measure them. If you are using these with children younger than 3rd or 4th grade, I would divide them into 10 sections and use the top section to put the number of the rod on the top. My Kindergartner can use these, but sometimes has difficulty reading the top number to identify which rod he is using. I ended up putting the number of the rod on the back for him. He chooses the rods by the numbers on the back and then turns them over to use them. My severely dyslexic son has trouble sometimes counting down the blocks correctly. Perhaps using different colors for the block divisions than for the numbers would help with this. (It would also be possible to make a thin column down one side to mark the rows with numbers.) Divide each of these sections with a diagonal line and copy the numbers above. The numbers are just the traditional multiplication tables. I used an Ultra-fine point Sharpie to write with, but it did bleed into the wood a little, making the numerals fuzzy. I am not sure if there would be a better writing instrument to use for this.
You can instead go to Mathwire and print and cut out these Napier's Bones. They can be used on their own or cut out and glued to large craft sticks.
"Students who have difficulty reasoning abstractly with numbers are frequently unable to grasp the numberical logic behind either the distributive or the lattice approach to long multiplication. Knowledge of why an abstract system of producing answers works is not as important as the knowledge that it does wok. For this reason, answers to the initial problems students work using a lattice method are checked against the materials, ususally chips on the chip trading boards."
-Mathematics...A Way of Thinking, Robert Baratta-Lorton




Cowboys and the Western Cattle Trails (1866-1890) and Presidents Johnson to Hayes

Map from Interactive 3-D Maps: American History by Donald Silver 
My younger boys love cowboys, but they didn't know much about the Western cattle drives. We talked about how the cows were raised in Texas and then herded to the slaughterhouses in northern cities like Chicago and then shipped by railroad to all parts of the United States. The ranchers did this because a steer worth only a few dollars in Texas where they were plentiful could bring $40 or more up north.
We talked about branding cows so that the owners could identify them. We talked about how the ranchers needed lots of helpers or hands to drive the cattle and that there was also the need for a cook and a chuck wagon to feed all the hands. We talked about the difficulties that the cowboys had, many of which were similar to the pioneers's difficulties, such as river crossings and wildfires.
I am sure we are going to have a lot of cowboy pretend play
and sketching of cowboys in the week to come.

Presidents

Andrew Johnson
Served: 1865-1869
Party: Democrat
Became President after the death of Lincoln
Vetoed the Civil Rights bill stating “This is a country for white men, and by God, as long as I am President, it shall be a government for white men.”
Two attempts at impeachment were made against him

Ulysses S Grant
Served: 1869-1877
Party: Republican
Reconstruction period for the United States
Ratified the 15th amendment establishing voting rights for all
Promoted severe punishment for the Ku Klux Klan
Is on the $50 bill and has the Grant Memorial on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. named after him.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes
Served: 1877-1881
Party: Republican
Won by a very close margin
Gold discovered in the Black Hills, S. Dakota Resulted in attempted removal of Indians from their Reservations
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Great Turkey Walk, Kathleen Karr 
This is a great book to read while studying the Western Cattle Trails because it is a very funny parody in which the main character, Simon, (who's just completed third grade (for the fourth time), herds a huge flock of turkeys all the way from his home in eastern Missouri to the boomtown of Denver, where they'll fetch a "mighty price." In the year 1860, just as the real cattle drivers, the hazards of such a trek are many, but in this case mighty funny, too. This is great as a read-aloud as soon as they are old enough to understand the parody humor or for 5th graders (age 10) and up to read to themselves.

A good non-fiction book on this subject is National Geographic's How to Get Rich on a Texas Cattle Drive by Tod Olson
related posts:





sources:


and for further inspiration: